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First study of hormonal influence on sexual development
Four researchers at the University of Kansas (Phoenix, Goy, Gerall, and Young) performed in
1959 a
break-through series of experiments on guinea pigs. Earlier work had shown that when male
hormones are
administered to pregnant female guinea pigs, the female offspring are anatomically
masculinized - born with
penises and scrotums. And some experiments had shown that when female guinea pigs are
spayed and later given
male hormones they display only a limited amount of malelike sexual behaviour. Phoenix et al
combined the two
types of experiments. Pregnant female guinea pigs were given androgens. The ovaries of the
masculinized female
pups were removed after birth and at maturity androgens were administered. The females
behaved much like
males. Brecher has termed this the Phoenix-Goy-Young effect.