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Oral contraception: First
Following the work of Chang and Djerassi and others, Gregory Pincus, the Director of the
Worcester Foundation
for experimental Biology had developed an effective contraceptive pill by 1957. The Pincus
team, including
Chang, began a systematic study, in the nineteen-fifties, of more than two hundred substances
with varying effects
on such things as ovulation, menstruation, and conception. One substance gestagen type,
called "norethynodrel,"
formed the basis of the first large-scale trial of the contraceptive pill, a trial carried out in
Puerto Rico in 1956.
The gestagens, however, gave poor control over menstruation, a problem overcome by
combining the gestagen
with a synthetic oestrogen. It was a combined pill of this type (marketed commercially as
Enovid) that proved
so successful in the Puerto Rican trial. Now there are literally dozens of contraceptive pills
available.